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July 25, 2018

New to Google Cloud Databases? 5 Areas of Confusion That You Better Be Aware of

After billions of dollars in capital expenditure and reference customers in every major vertical, Google Cloud Platform has finally emerged as a credible competitor to Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure when it comes to enterprise-ready cloud infrastructure. While Google Cloud’s compute and storage offerings are easier to understand, making sense of its various managed database offerings is not for the faint-hearted. This post introduces app developers to the major Google Cloud database services,

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Implementing Distributed Transactions the Google Way: Percolator vs. Spanner

July 23, 2018

By Sid Choudhury

ACID Transactions CockroachDB Distributed SQL Google Cloud Platform Google Spanner

Implementing Distributed Transactions the Google Way: Percolator vs. Spanner

Our post 6 Signs You Might be Misunderstanding ACID Transactions in Distributed Databases describes the key challenges involved in building high performance distributed transactions. Multiple open source ACID-compliant distributed databases have started building such transactions by taking inspiration from research papers published by Google. In this post, we dive deeper into Percolator and Spanner, the two Google systems behind those papers, as well as the open source databases they have inspired.

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Distributed ACID Transactions with High Performance

April 24, 2018

By Karthik Ranganathan

ACID Transactions Databases Distributed SQL Google Spanner How It Works Performance Benchmarks

Distributed ACID Transactions with High Performance

ACID transactions are a fundamental building block when developing business-critical, user-facing applications. They simplify the complex task of ensuring data integrity while supporting highly concurrent operations. While they are taken for granted in monolithic SQL/relational databases, distributed NoSQL/non-relational databases either forsake them completely or support only a highly restrictive single-row flavor (see sections below). This loss of ACID properties is usually justified with a gain in performance (measured in terms of low latency and/or high throughput).

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Practical Tradeoffs in Google Cloud Spanner, Azure Cosmos DB and YugabyteDB

January 25, 2018

By Sid Choudhury

ACID Transactions Amazon Web Services Distributed SQL Google Cloud Platform Google Spanner Microsoft Azure Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB

Practical Tradeoffs in Google Cloud Spanner, Azure Cosmos DB and YugabyteDB

Updated April 2019.

The famed CAP Theorem has been a source of much debate among distributed systems engineers. Those of us building distributed databases are often asked how we deal with it. In this post, we dive deeper into the consistency-availability tradeoff imposed by CAP which is only applicable during failure conditions. We also highlight the lesser-known-but-equally-important consistency-latency tradeoff imposed by the PACELC Theorem that extends CAP to normal operations.

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Facebook’s User Database — Is it SQL or NoSQL?

August 29, 2017

By Karthik Ranganathan

ACID Transactions Distributed SQL Google Spanner

Facebook’s User Database — Is it SQL or NoSQL?

Ever wondered which database Facebook (FB) uses to store the profiles of its 2.3B+ users? Is it SQL or NoSQL? How has FB database architecture evolved over the last 15+ years? As an engineer in FB database infrastructure team from 2007 to 2013, I had a front row seat in witnessing this evolution. There are invaluable lessons to be learned by better understanding the database evolution at the world’s largest social network,

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